A birth injury is a trauma to the baby that occurs before, during or just after birth. The injury can be caused by prolonged labor, a breech (legs first) delivery, premature birth, doctor procedures, and the small size or irregular shape of the mother’s pelvis. As many as 27 of every 1,000 births in the United States result in a birth injury. Birth injuries can cause lifelong mental and physical impairment, and result in death. Many birth injuries are not serious and heal within a few weeks or months. However, some resulting damage may be permanent.
A birth defect is a physical or mental abnormality present at the time of birth, a congenital disorder which damaged a developing fetus. It may be the result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine environment, or a chromosomal abnormality. Birth defects vary widely in causation and abnormalities. Any substance that causes birth defects is known as a teratogen.